History 435.01 Special Topics in European History
“The World of Late Antiqutity: From Constantine to Justinian”
St. Mary’s College of Maryland
Spring 2009 Dr. Linda Jones Hall MWF 2:40-4:30 Kent Hall 311
Office: 204 Kent Hall Phone: 240-895-4434 or ext. 4434
Office hours M 10:40-11:30; W 1:20-2:20 or by appointment
Email: ljhall@smcm.edu webpage: http://www.smcm.edu/ljhall/ljhall.html
Course description
This course will examine the changes in the Late Roman world that fostered the
evolution of the political and religious institutions of the modern world. In
this period, the Roman Empire weakened in the West and strengthened in the East.
Christianity changed from a minority underground religion to the major imperial
faith. Two major legal codes (those of Theodosius and Justinian) were issued
and shaped both European and Islamic laws. Aspects of life (religious, political,
economic and artistic) in the years from 300 AD to 550 AD will be studied in
detail. Questions such as “Did Rome Fall?” will be examined in contemporary
accounts and modern analyses.
Required Texts
AMMIANUS = Ammianus Marcellinus. The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354-378). Tr.
W. Hamilton. London: Penguin, 1986. Penguin, 1986. ISBN 0140444068.
BROWN = Brown, Peter. The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150-750. New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1971. ISBN 0393958035.
MAAS = Maas, Michael, ed., Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook. London
& New York: Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0 415 15988 1.
MITCHELL = Mitchell, Stephen. A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-641.
Malden, MS, and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1 4051 0856 8.
ROSEN = Rosen, William. Justinian’s Flea: The First Great Plague and the
End of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin, 2008. ISBN 0143113812
WARD-PERKINS = Ward-Perkins, Bryan. The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization.
London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0192807285.
Recommended
TURABIAN = Kate Turabian. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.
Revised by John Grossman and Alice Bennett. 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1996. ISBN 022816273.
COURSE EXPECTATIONS Regular attendance is expected. Read the assignments in
advance and bring those texts to class as indicated on the syllabus. Intellectual
honor, excellence, and honesty are demanded in all your work.
GRADING
WEEKLY ORAL PRESENTATIONS =150points
BIBILOGRAPHY (10 items required) & OUTLINE = 100 points
PRESENTATION OF PAPER TOPIC = 60 points
ATTENDANCE AND DISCUSSION = 90 points
FIRST TEST = 150 points
FINAL EXAM = 150 points
FINAL PAPER = 300 points
Ultimately, the student’s grade is based on the professor’s assessment
of the student’s work.
94-100 = A, 93-90 = A-, 87-89 = B+, 84-86 = B, 80-83 = B-, 77-79 = C+, 74-76
= C,
70-73 = C-, 67-69 = D+, 64-66 = D, 63-60 = D-, below 60 = F
ORAL PRESENTATIONS Students will make weekly presentations
on assigned topics. These topics will focus on the assigned readings, both primary
sources and secondary analyses. A schedule will be established for these presentations.
BIBILOGRAPHY AND OUTLINE Students will turn in a bibliography of ten items.
Each item should consist of the correct bibliographical citation for the book
or journal article (which could be from a print or electronic format) and must
go beyond the assigned readings. This bibliography is for the final paper. Students
will also turn in a five point outline with an introductory thesis statement
that explains the main argument of the final paper in draft format as assigned.
PRESENTATION OF THE PAPER TOPIC Students will make a fifteen-minute
presentation to the class of the main points of their paper topic. This presentation
will include giving each member of the class a handout which should list the
proposed title, the student’s name, a thesis statement of approximately
25 works, an outline of five points (either phrase or sentence outline), and
ten bibliographical entries the student plans to use in his/her final paper.
The fifteen minute presentation includes time for class interaction and questions.
TEST AND EXAM There will be a mid-term test and a final exam.
These will be designed to assess the student’s comprehension of assigned
readings from both the ancient and modern authors. These tests will focus on
the major issues and arguments of the common readings.
FINAL PAPER Papers should be 15 pages, double-spaced, with
one-inch margins, in a 12-point font. In your papers, you want to explore some
question that can be answered by the primary sources and/or archaeological reports.
Thus a paper that analyzes a narrow topic in depth is far preferable to some
broad survey. In developing your argument, you should quote five passages from
one or more primary source(s) which can be from our readings in class or from
other ancient authors located in print volumes or from online sources. You must
fully document these sources by ancient authors and titles, book and section
numbers, translators, the modern title, publisher, place and date of publication,
and page numbers. You may use either footnotes with a bibliography OR parenthetical
citations with a list of works cited. You are encouraged to look at modern historians
who have written articles and/or books on the topic. These must also be properly
cited by footnote or parenthetical reference. All works used in the paper must
be given proper credit.
Consult TURABIAN for examples on how to do this.
Academic dishonesty is a very serious offense.
Definition of Plagiarism from To The Point and the College Catalog:
Plagiarism is the act of appropriating and using the words, ideas, symbols,
images, or other works of original expression of others as one's own without
giving credit to the person who created the work. If students have any questions
regarding the definition of plagiarism, they should consult their instructor
for general principles regarding the use of others' work. Among sources commonly
used for documenting use of others' work are the style manuals published by
the American Psychological Association, the Council of Biology Editors, the
Modern Language Association, and Turabian's Manual for Writers of Term Papers.
The final authority concerning methods of documentation is the course instructor.
Specific instances of plagiarism include, but are not limited to, the following:
a) Word-for-word copying of sentences or paragraphs from one or more sources
that are the work or data of other persons (including books, articles, theses,
unpublished works, working papers, seminar and conference papers, lecture notes
or tapes, graphs, images, charts, data, electronically based materials, etc.),
without clearly identifying their origin by appropriate referencing.
b) Closely paraphrasing ideas or information (in whatever form) without appropriate
acknowledgement by reference to the original work or works.
c) Presenting material obtained from the Internet as if it were the student's
own work.
d) Minor alterations such as adding, subtracting, or rearranging words, or paraphrasing
sections of a source without appropriate acknowledgement of the original work
or works.
3. Falsification
Falsification involves misrepresentation in an academic exercise.
Misrepresentation includes, but is not limited to:
a) Falsely attributing data or judgments to scholarly sources.
b) Falsely reporting the results of calculations or the output of computer programs,
or materials from other electronic sources.
c) Presenting copied, falsified, or improperly obtained data as if it were the
result of laboratory work, field trips, or other investigatory work.
4. Resubmission of work
No student may turn in work for evaluation in more than one course without the
permission of the instructors of both courses.
Penalties for plagiarism can include, but are not limited to, a zero on the
work in question, an F in the course, and referral to the Office of the Provost.
ALL sources which you use (books, articles, internet) must be cited properly.
THE WRITING CENTER
The Writing Center, located in the Library Annex, offers peer tutors trained
to discuss your writing with you. No matter where you are in the writing process
(brainstorming ideas, understanding assignments, or revising rough and final
drafts), the tutors in the Writing Center can assist you. These tutors are your
peers, and so they would not grade or proofread your paper for you, but would
instead coach you in becoming a stronger writer. I encourage you to use the
Writing Center as much as possible. You can make an appointment with the Center
by visiting their website, www.smcm.edu/writingcenter and clicking "Schedule
an Appointment." At the same website, you can find helpful resources on
many writing-related topics.
STANDARD REFERENCE WORKS:
See the Oxford Classical Dictionary (1 vol., 3rd ed.) [OCD]; Oxford Dictionary
of Byzantium (3 vols.) [ODB]; and Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical
World for articles that indicate current trends in historiography and refer
you to important bibliography. These reference works are available in the Reference
section of the SMCM library. At the front of these volumes is a key list of
abbreviations of journals and other works that you will need for preparing the
annotated bibliography and research paper.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Journals at SMCM (on the second floor of the library near the stairs at the
rear of that floor) include Archaeology, American Journal of Archaeology, American
Journal of Philology, Arethusa, Classical Journal, Classical Quarterly, Classical
Review, Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies, and others. Current issues are on
the display racks. Back issues are bound and are on the shelf by the call number
which you can find either from the current issue or from the catalog.
Also the library “subscribes” to online journals and search engines,
many of which print ariticles: PROJECT MUSE http://muse.jhu.edu/
JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/
LIBRARY DATABASES LINK http://www.smcm.edu/library/databases.cfm
TOCS-IN is an excellent search tool for recent bibliography of journal articles
(some will print) http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/amphoras/tocfind
ILL request forms for getting books and articles from SMCM Interlibrary Loan
http://www.smcm.edu/library/illpolic.htm
INTERNET RESOURCES
Paul Hassall’s websites; Rome, Late Antiquity, Christian origins
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medweb/
PERSEUS, huge archive of ancient texts & art http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
AMMIANUS SELECTIONS
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/378adrianople.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/ammianus-history14.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arabia1.html#Ammianus%20Marcellinus
AMMIANUS PROJECT http://odur.let.rug.nl/~drijvers/ammianus/index.htm
PROCOPIUS’ SECRET HISTORY (ANECDOTA) COMPLETE
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/procop-anec.html
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Anecdota/home.html
ONLINE TEXTS OF EARLY CHURCH FATHERS AND OTHERS
http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/
http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/home.html
CONSTANTINE
http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/constantine.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vita-constantine.html
Texts about Julian the Apostate http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/gregory_nazianzen_1_preface.htm
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html
WOMEN IN LATE ANTIQUITY BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dhunter/arjava.htm
Bibliography on Women in the Early Church
http://camellia.shc.edu/theology/melania.htm
Bibliography on Women from the 2nd to 7th Centuries AD
http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/ORB/arjava3.htm
Alice-Mary Talbot, ed., Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints’ Lives in English
http://www.doaks.org/ATHW.html
DIR, De Imperatoribus Romanis (this site includes Byzantine emperors)
http://www.roman-emperors.org/
PAUL HASSALL (See also the link to Late Antiquity)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium
Paul Halsall’s online Byzantium http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medweb/
TIMOTHY E. GREGORY http://isthmia.osu.edu/teg/
http://www.aarweb.org/syllabus/syllabi/g/gregory/early_byzantine_empire.htm
Tim Gregory’s course on Late Antiquity http://isthmia.osu.edu/teg/hist50303/
SAINTS Synaxarion online http://www.rongolini.com/synaxariontoc.htm
SOURCES for Saints Lives http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook3.html
Hippolyte Delehaye: The Legends of the Saints: An Introduction to Hagiography
(1907)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/delehaye-legends.html
Late Antique Art images http://www.flickr.com/photos/antiquite-tardive/
DIOTIMA http://www.stoa.org/diotima/
Justinian’s Flea http://www.justiniansflea.com/works.htm
Schedule for HIST 435.01
“The World of Late Antiqutity: From Constantine to Justinian”
St. Mary’s College of Maryland
Spring 2009 Dr. Linda Jones Hall MW 2:40-4:30 Kent Hall 311
Week 1 Introduction to the course
Wed. Jan 21 Understanding, defining, and researching Late Antiquity
MITCHELL Ch 1; Late Roman, Late Antiquity, Early Byzantine?, pp 1-12
MITCHELL Ch 2, The Nature of the Evidence, pp 13-46
Week 2 Beginnings of Late Antiquity
Mon. Jan 26 MITCHELL Ch 3, Diocletian--Julian, pp. 49-79; MAAS, pp. 1-41, 58-68
Wed. Jan 28 MITCHELL Ch 8, Conversion of Constantine, pp 256-267;
MAAS 102-107; MITCHELL Ch 9, Political Economy, pp. 301-326
Week 3 Ammianus Marcellinus
Mon Feb 2 Discussion of Constantine articles -1-page reaction due
Wed Feb 4 AMMIANUS Books 14-18, pp. 41-162
Week 4 The role of the Emperor and the role of the cities
Mon. Feb 9 AMMIANUS Books 19-25, pp. 163-312
Wed. Feb 11 AMMIANUS Books 26-31, pp. 313-443
Week 5 Watchers of the World
Mon Feb 16 MITCHELL Ch 3, End of the 4th Century, pp. 79-96;
MITCHELL Ch 4, Beginning of the Fifth Century, pp 100-109;
MAAS, Ch 2, pp 69-101, The Army
Wed Feb 18 MITCHELL, Ch 7, From Pagan to Christian, pp 225-251;
MAAS, Ch 3, pp. 103-135, Christianity
Week 6 Religious conflicts
Mon Feb 23 MITCHELL Ch 8, pp. 268-295, Conversion of Augustine;
MAAS, Ch 3, pp. 135-165, Christianity
Wed Feb 25 MAAS, Ch 4, pp. 166-191, Polytheism; MAAS, Ch 5, pp. 192-215, Jews
Week 7 Gender issues
Mon Mar 2 MAAS, Ch 6, pp. 217-237, Women
Wed Mar 4 FIRST TEST over material covered to date
Week 8 The Roman State
Mon. Mar 9 MITCHELL, Ch 4, The Fifth and Sixth Centuries, pp. 109-149;
MITCHELL, Ch 5, pp. 155-187, The Roman State; MAAS, pp 43-58
Wed Mar 11 MAAS, Ch 7, pp. 238-249, Law
Discussion of the non-Constantine articles; 1-page reaction due
Spring break - March 14-22; Read Brown, Rosen, and Ward-Perkins over the break
Week 9 How to read the past
Mon. Mar 23 BROWN, Part One, pp. 7-112
Wed Mar 25 BROWN, Part Two, pp. 114-203
Week 10 The Plague
Mon Mar 30 ROSEN--ALL; MAAS, Ch 8, pp. 250-263, Medicine
Wed Apr 1 MITCHELL, Ch 10, pp. 327-365, Society and Economy
Week 11 Meet the Barbarians
Mon Apr 6 BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OUTLINES DUE
MITCHELL, Ch 6, pp. 191-221, The Barbarian Kingdoms
MAAS, Chs 11 & 12, pp. 299-334, Germanic Peoples and People of the Steppes
Wed Apr 8 WARD-PERKINS, Part One, pp. 1-83
WARD-PERKINS, Part Two, pp. 84-187
Week 12 Transition in the East
Mon Apr 13 MITCHELL, Ch 11, pp. 371-399, Challenges of Later 6th Century;
MAAS, Ch 9, pp. 264-280, Philosophy; MAAS, Ch 10, pp. 281-297 Persia
Wed Apr 15 MITCHELL, Ch 12, pp. 402-422, Final Reckoning;
MAAS, Ch 13, pp. 335-355, Islam
Week 13 Presentations
Mon. Apr 20 FINAL PAPERS DUE; ORAL PRESENTATIONS BEGIN
Wed Apr 22 ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Week 14 Presentations
Mon Apr 27 ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Wed Apr 29 ORAL PRESENTATIONS; Review for final exam; last day of class
Week 15 Mon-Tues May 4-5 SMP presentations; Wed May 6 Reading Day
Exam Friday May 8, 9:00-11:15; Emphasis on material since midterm exam
EXAMPLE OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY RESULT FOR CONSTANTINE FROM TOCS-IN
Result of search for 'CONSTANTINE'
• Elliott, T.G. "'Constantine's Conversion' Revisited" AHB 6.2
(1992) 59-62 -+-
• Ehrhardt, Christopher "Monumental Evidence for the Dte of Constantine's
First War against Licinius" AncW 23.2 (1992) 87-94 -+-
• Williams, Mary Frances "Ammianus Marcellinus and Gabriel Garcia
Marquez: One Hundred Years of Solitude and the House of Constantine" CML
14.3 (1994) 269-296 -+-
• Bradbury, Scott "Constantine and the Problem of Anti-Pagan Legislation
in the Fourth Century" CPh 89.2 (1994) 120 -+-
• Wiemer, H.-U. "Libanius on Constantine" CQ 44.2 (1994) 511
-+-
• Sullivan, Denis "Was Constantine VI `Lassoed' at Markellai?"
GRBS 35.3 (1994) 287 -+-
• Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma "Lactantius and Constantine's Letter
to Arl: Dating the Devine Institutes" JECS 2.1 (1994) 33 -+-
• Fowden, G. "Constantine, Silvester and the Church of S. Polyeuctus
in Constantinople" JRA 7 (1994) 274 -+-
• Fowden, Garth "The Last Days of Constantine: Oppositional Versions
and their Influence" JRS 84 (1994) 146 -+-
• Zuckerman, Constantine "Sur la date du traite militaire de Vegece
et son destinaire Valentinien II" SCI 13 (1994) 67-74 -+-
• Frankfurter, D. "The Cult of the Martyrs in Egypt before Constantine:
The Evidence of the Coptic Apocalypse of Elijah" VChr 48.1 (1994) 25 -+-
• Zuckerman, Constantine "The Hapless Recruit Psois and the Mighty
Anchorite, Apa John" BASP 32.3-4 (1995) 183-194 -+-
• Drake, H.A. "Constantine and Consensus" ChHist 64.1 (1995)
1 -+-
• Speidel, Michael P. "A Horse Guardsman in the War between Licinius
and Constantine" Chiron 25 (1995) 83-87 -+-
• Bruun, Christer "The Thick Neck of the Emperor Constantine. Slimy
Snails and 'Quellenforschung'" Historia 44.4 (1995) 459 -+-
• "Constantine the Great" BiblArchR 22.6 (1996) 23 -+-
• Curran, John "Constantine and the Ancient Cults of Rome: the Legal
Evidence" G&R 43.1 (1996) 68 -+-
• Camporeale, Salvatore I. "Lorenzo Valla's Oratio on the Pseudo-Donation
of Constantine: Dissent and Innovation in Early Renaissance Humanism" JHI
57.1 (1996) 9-26 -+- Delph, Ronald K. "Valla Grammaticus, Agostino Steuco,
and the Donation of Constantine" JHI 57.1 (1996) 55-78 -+-
• Fubini, Riccardo "Humanism and Truth: Valla Writes against the Donation
of Constantine" JHI 57.1 (1996) 79-86 -+-
• Humphries, Mark "In Nomine Patris: Constantine the Great and Constantius
II in Christological Polemic" Historia 46.4 (1997) 448-464 -+-
• Woods, D. "Where did Constantine I die?" JThS 48.2 (1997) 531-536
-+-
• Drinkwater, J.F. "The Usurpers Constantine III (407-411) and Jovinus
(411-413)" Britannia 29 (1998) 269-298 -+-
• Hall, Linda Jones "Cicero's instinctu divino and Constantine's instinctu
divinatatis: The Evidence of the Arch of Constantine for the Senatorial view
of the 'Vision' of Constantine" JECS 6.4 (1998) 647-671 -+-
• Rapp, C. "Imperial ideology in the making: Eusebius of Caesarea
on Constantine as 'Bishop'" JThS 49.2 (1998) 685-695 -+-
• Burgess, R.W. "AKURON or PROASTEION: the location and circumstances
of Constantine's death" JThS 50.1 (1999) 153-161 -+-
• Skeat, T.C. "The Codex Sinaiticus, The Codex Vaticanus, and Constantine"
JThS 50.2 (1999) 583-625 -+-
• Elsner, Jas "The Itinerarium Burdigalense: Politics and Salvation
in the Geography of Constantine's Empire" JRS 90 (2000) 181-195 -+-
• Elsner, Jas "From the culture of spolia to the cult of relics: the
Arch of Constantine and the genesis of late antique forms" PBSR 68 (2000)
149-184 -+-
• Nicholson, Oliver "Constantine's Vision of the Cross" VChr
54.3 (2000) 309-323 -+-
• Humphries, Mark "Constantine, Christianity and Rome" Hermathena
171 (2001) 47-63 -+-
• Kleiner, F.S. "Who really built the Arch of Constantine [review
article]" JRA 14.2 (2001) 661 -+-
• Barnes, T.D. "Constantine's Speech to the Assembly of the Saints:
Place and Date of Delivery" JThS 52.1 (2001) 26-36 -+-
• Zuckerman, Constantine "Psalms 135:25 in Symmachus' Translation
on a Jewish Inscription from Nicaea (Iznik)" SCI 20 (2001) 105-111 -+-
• Afinogenov, Dimitry "A Lost 8th Century Pamphlet against Leo III
and Constantine V?" Eranos 100.1 (2002) 1-17 -+-
• Barnes, Timothy "From Toleration to Repression: The Evolution of
Constantine's Religious Policies" SCI 21 (2002) 189-207 -+-
• Weiss, P. "The vision of Constantine" JRA 16 (2003) 237-259
-+-
• Edwards, M.J. "Constantine's Donation to the 'Bishop and Pope of
the City of Rome'" JThS 56.1 (2005) 115-121 -+-
• Jones, Dalu "Constantine the Great in Rimini" Minerva 16.4
(2005) 40-42 -+-
• Williams, Dyfri "From Constantine the Great to Robert the Bruce:
The Elgin Porphyry" Minerva 15.1 (2004) 40-42 -+-
• Bowden, William "Spolia: Architectural Salvage in the Age of Constantine"
Minerva 15.4 (2004) 34-36 -+-
• Eiland, Murray "The Art of Late Roman Wall Painting: Constantine's
Palace in Trier" Minerva 14.6 (2003) 41-42 -+-
• Hartley, Elizabeth "Constantine the Great in York" Minerva
17.3 (2006) 20-22 -+-
Pre-1992:
• CHARLIER R. "La Numidie vue par Salluste. Cirta Regia : Constantine
ou Le Kef ?" AC 19 (1950) 289 -+-
• Austin, N.J.E. "Constantine and Crispus, A.D. 326" AClass 23
(1980) 133-138 -+-
• Nixon, C.E.V. "The Occasion and Date of 'Panegyric' VIII (V), and
the Celebration of Constantine's Quinquennalia" Antichthon 14 (1980) 157-169
-+-
• Saylor Rodgers, B. "The Metamorphosis of Constantine" CQ 39
(1989) 233-246 -+-
• Buttrey, T.V. "The Dates of the Arches of "Diocletian"
and Constantine" Historia 32 (1983) 375-383 -+-
• Nischer, E. "The Army Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine and
Their Modifications up to the Time of the Notitia Dignitatum" JRS 13 (1923)
1-55 -+-
• Baynes, N.H. "Three Notes on the Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine"
JRS 15 (1925) 195-208 -+-
• Alföldi, A. "The Helmet of Constantine with the Christian Monogram"
JRS 22 (1932) 9-23 -+-
• Parker, H.M.D. "The Legions of Diocletian and Constantine"
JRS 23 (1933) 175-189 -+-
• Seston, W. "Constantine as a "Bishop"" JRS 37 (1947)
127-131 -+-
• Barnes, T.D. "Lactantius and Constantine" JRS 63 (1973) 29-46
-+-
• Barnes, T.D. "Two Senators under Constantine" JRS 65 (1975)
40-49 -+-
• Barnes, T.D. "Constantine and the Christians of Persia" JRS
75 (1985) 126-136 -+-
• Harries, J. "The Roman Imperial Quaestor from Constantine to Theodosius
II" JRS 78 (1988) 148-172 -+-
• Evans-Grubbs, J. "Abduction Marriage in Antiquity: A Law of Constantine
(CTh IX.24.1) and Its Social Context" JRS 79 (1989) 59-83 -+-
• Fowden, Garth "Constantine's Porphyry Column : The Earliest Literary
Allusion" JRS 81 (1991) 119-131 -+-
• KERESZTES, P. "Patristic and Historical Evidence for Constantine's
Christianity" Latomus 42 (1983) 84-94 -+-
• BERTRANDY, Fr. "La communauté gréco-latine de Cirta
(Constantine), capitale du royaume de Numidie, pendant le IIe siècle
et la première moitié du Ier siècle avant J.-C." Latomus
44 (1985) 488-502 -+-
• BOULOUMIÉ, B. "L'oppidum de Constantine (Bouches-du-Rhône):
vestiges apparents et fouilles partielles" Latomus 46 (1987) 555-565 -+-
• Elliott, T.G. "The Tax Exemptions Granted to Clerics by Constantine
and Constantius II" Phoenix 32 (1978) 326 -+-
• Cameron, Alan "Bacchius, Dionysius, and Constantine" Phoenix
38 (1984) 256 -+-
• Millar, Fergus "Italy and the Roman Empire: Augustus to Constantine"
Phoenix 40 (1986) 295 -+-
• Zuckerman, Constantine "Hellenistic 'politeumata' and the Jews.
A Reconsideration" SCI 8-9 (1985-1988) 171-185 -+-
In collections:
• Salzman, Michele Renee "How the West Was Won: the Chritianization
of the Roman Aristocracy in the West in the Years after Constantine" Studies
in Latin Literature VI (1992) 451-479 -+- [1992]
• Lewin, A. "Urban public building from Constantine to Julian: the
epigraphic evidence" Late-Antique Urbanism (2001) 27-38 -+- [2001]
• Kleiner, Fred S. "The Arch of Constantine: Roman Art in Microcosm"
Hommages Deroux IV (2003) 174-179 -+- [2003]
• Winkelmann, Friedhelm "Historiography in the Age of Constantine"
Greek and Roman Historiography (2003) 3-41 -+- [2003]
• Liebeschuetz, Wolf "Pagan Historiography and the Decline of the
Empire" Historiography in the Age of Constantine (2003) 177-218 -+- [2003]